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What you’ll note is that the impact peak is now gone. By eliminating the heel strike, we have eliminated the impact peak entirely. The reason for this is that instead of absorbing impact via a collision between the heel and the ground, we have switched the impact moderating behavior to absorption by the arch of the foot and the Achilles tendon/calf muscle complex. The lower limb is much more compliant in a forefoot strike, and thus the collision is not detectable. What you will also notice is that the slope of the line is now lower – loading rate has decreased (this graph is probably a bit exaggerated given my lowly Photoshop skills, but the point stands nonetheless). If you run Nike Air Max 270 Femme with a forefoot strike, as most barefoot runners do, a cushioned heel is unnecessary. In a roundabout way, the cushioned heel is essentially a solution to a problem created by shoes with a cushioned heel. The heel allows you to heel strike, and if you heel strike you need the heel for protection.
I should also point out the heel-toe running in a shoe with a cushioned heel does reduce loading rate. In Daniel Lieberman’s study (Lieberman et al., 2010), he showed that loading rate was the same in shod heel-toe runners and barefoot forefoot strikers. But the key point is that even if the cushioned heel reduces loading rate, it allows/causes you to run in a way that is biomechanically different than you would if you ran barefoot (longer stride, different joint angles, pronounced heel strike, etc.). As a result, forces are javierrodriguez.es applied in a Adidas Superstar Dam way that the body may not have evolved to handle as well (e.g., joint torques are higher in shoes – Kerrigan et al., 2009; shorter, quicker stride reduces joint impacts – Heiderscheit et al. 2011). The consequences of that are what we are trying to understand when it comes to applying this knowledge to injury risk.
Why does all of this matter? It matters because higher vertical impact loading rates, but not impact peaks, have been linked to injuries like lower extremity stress fractures (see this review paper by Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2011). There is some debate on this topic, as Nigg, 1997 reported results of a prospective study from a graduate thesis suggesting that impact force and loading rate are not linked to injury, and that increased loading rate was actually associated with fewer injuries. However, this Nike Air Max 270 Donne analysis looked Nike Air VaporMax Femme at short term injuries and did not look at injuries by specific type. I am also rather hesitant when trying to interpret results from research that has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. In contrast to Nigg’s findings, Davis et al. report results of a prospective study in a conference abstract showing that vertical impact peak and vertical loading rate are linked to a higher incidence of running injury. Again, not published in a peer reviewed journal, but also prospective and contradictory to Nigg’s report.Rather than hash this debate out myself, I’m going to defer to an expert on the topic. Jay Dicharry (pictured at left) is a physical therapist and researcher at the University of Virginia Speed Clinic. He essentially spends his days in one of the most high tech gait analysis labs in the world attempting Nike Air VaporMax Dam to fix broken Adidas Superstar Femme runners. After posting my injury course recap, Jay emailed me and said that he has been working on a post about the significance of vertical loading rate, and we have coordinated to post at the same time. So with this introduction to the topic from me, I’m going to let Jay take it from here.I’m sure the conference in WV has inspired all of you to continue the interesting pursuit of knowledge regarding running form and reducing running related injury. I look forward to learning more as this continues to develop.
One thing I’ve come to believe regarding GRF and GRT, as well as Ground contact time (GCT) is a relationship difference in elites vs. non-elites. I don’t know if research has been done regarding this, but I suspect it has or is presently going on. The comparison is as follows: Elites= higher GRF, lower Nike Air Max 95 Femme GRT, lower GCT Nike Air Vapormax Mujer Non-elites/less trained athletes= lower GRF, higher GRT, higher GRT Does this seem right and is it a function of more/better training?